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Hypospadias/Micropenis
Mono-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate-Induced Downregulation of MMP11 in Foreskin Fibroblasts Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Hypospadias
A 2024 study states that hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the male urogenital system, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a widely used endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), is considered a significant risk factor for this condition. Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), the toxic active metabolite of DEHP, has been proven to affect penile development and ultimately result in the hypospadias phenotype.
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Pathogenesis of Hypospadias; Developmental and Toxicological Perspectives
Hypospadias is a defect in penile urethral closure that occurs in approximately 1/150 live male births (2021 study) in developed nations, making it one of the most common congenital abnormalities worldwide. Alarmingly, the frequency of hypospadias has increased rapidly over recent decades and is continuing to rise. Recent research reviewed herein suggests that the rise in hypospadias rates can be directly linked to our increasing exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), especially those that affect estrogen and androgen signalling.
Assessing the Relationship Between Hypospadias Risk and Parental Occupational Exposure to Potential Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
This 2023 study suggests that endocrine disrupting chemicals are a risk factor for hypospadias through occupational exposure during fetal life.
Increased Serum Estrogenic Bioactivity in Three Male Newborns With Ambiguous Genitalia: a Potential Consequence of Prenatal Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors
A 2006 study states that in the past 15 years, anomalies of male sexual differentiation have greatly increased in both wildlife and humans in different parts of the world. Environmental endocrine disruptors have been implicated in the dramatic rise in neonatal ambiguous genitalia with variable rates of severity, such as micropenis, cryptorchidism, and isolated or associated hypospadias.
Endocrine Disruptors, Genital Development and Hypospadias
A 2013 study states hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in the United States, occurring in approximately 1 in 125 live male births. With recent advancements in molecular biology and microarray technology, it appears that hypospadias is potentially related to disrupted gene expression. Specifically, some of the environmental chemicals are acting as antiandrogens and interfere directly with the action of testosterone-related gene expression.